The History of the Guillotine

During the 1700s, executions in France were public events where entire towns gathered to watch. A common execution method for a poor criminal was quartering, where the prisoners limbs were tied to four oxen, then the animals were driven in four different directions ripping the person apart. Upper-class criminals could buy their way into a less painful death by hanging or beheading. The guillotine is an instrument for inflicting capital punishment by decapitation that came into common use in France after 1792 (during the French Revolution). In 1789, a French physician first suggested that all criminals should be executed by a â€Å"machine that beheads painlessly. Heritage Images / Getty Images Doctor Joseph Ignace Guillotin Doctor Joseph Ignace Guillotin was born in Saintes, France in 1738 and elected to the French National Assembly in 1789. He belonged to a small political reform movement that wanted to banish the death penalty completely. Guillotin argued for a painless and private capital punishment method equal for all the classes, as an interim step towards completely banning the death penalty. Beheading devices had already been used in Germany, Italy, Scotland, and Persia for aristocratic criminals. However, never had such a device been adopted on a large institutional scale. The French named the guillotine after Doctor Guillotin. The extra e at the end of the word was added by an unknown English poet who found guillotine easier to rhyme with. Doctor Guillotin together with German engineer and harpsichord maker Tobias Schmidt, built the prototype for an ideal guillotine machine. Schmidt suggested using a diagonal blade instead of a round blade. Leon Berger Noted improvements to the guillotine machine were made in 1870 by the assistant executioner and carpenter Leon Berger. Berger added a spring system, which stopped the mouton at the bottom of the groves. He added a lock/blocking device at the lunette and a new release mechanism for the blade. All guillotines built after 1870 were made according to Leon Bergers construction. The French Revolution began in 1789, the year of the famous storming of the Bastille. On July 14 of the same year, King Louis XVI of France was driven from the French throne and sent into exile. The new civilian assembly rewrote the penal code to say, Every person condemned to the death penalty shall have his head severed. All classes of people were now executed equally. The first guillotining took place on April 25, 1792, when Nicolas Jacques Pelletie was guillotined at Place de Grà ¨ve on the Right Bank. Ironically, Louis XVI had his own head chopped off on January 21, 1793. Thousands of people were publicly guillotined during the French Revolution. The Last Guillotine Execution On September 10, 1977, the last execution by guillotine took place in Marseilles, France, when the murderer Hamida Djandoubi was beheaded. Guillotine Facts Total weight of a guillotine is about 1278 lbsThe guillotine metal blade weighs about 88.2 lbsThe height of guillotine posts average about 14 feetThe falling blade has a rate of speed of about 21 feet/secondJust the actual beheading takes 2/100 of a secondThe time for the guillotine blade to fall down to where it stops takes 70th of a second Prunier's Experiment In a scientific effort to determine if any consciousness remained following decapitation by the guillotine, three French doctors attended the execution of Monsieur Theotime Prunier in 1879, having obtained his prior consent to be the subject of their experimentation. Immediately after the blade fell on the condemned man, the trio retrieved his head and attempted to elicit some sign of intelligent response by shouting in his face, sticking in pins, applying ammonia under his nose, silver nitrate, and candle flames to his eyeballs. In response, they could record only that M Pruniers face bore a look of astonishment.

John Updikes A P Essay - 1471 Words

John Updikes A P At first read, John Updikes A P contrasts old and new; the old manager in his settled life conflicting with the new age of girls wearing bathing suits in buildings. All the while, the narrator stuck in the middle, finally deciding to join the side of new, or youth. Instead of old vs. new, an observation closer to the heart of the story is conflict between the worlds of the rich and the middle class. ?A P? is the setting for one man to decide in which way he will seek to follow his life, standing on his own two feet and treating everyone as equals, or bowing before the wealthy, and searching for his own riches above all else. In walk three girls into a grocery store in bathing suits. They?re far enough†¦show more content†¦The money in their families allowed them to come to this place on vacation and while here, the girls relied on the power that comes with their wealth and felt the need to assert themselves as different to everyone else. Sure the guys in the store gawked at the girls for their beauty and lack of clothing, but it was their willingness to walk in the store that way that got Sam?s full attention. There are probably beautiful girls who live in the town who Sam would find very attractive in a bathing suit, but they would never walk into their local A P dressed that way, so it was these girls? audacity in walking like this that gave them his attention. Also, it was the girls? wealth that gave them the courage to be so bold. Not everyone is impressed with the girls however. The manager, Lengel, comes over to the cash register and immediately begins to tell the girls off for coming into the store dressed as such. When Lengel says that he wants the girls decently dressed when they come into the store, the head of the group of girls, Queenie, realizes that Lengel knows why the girls came in. Updike writes, We are decent,? Queenie says suddenly, her lower lip pushing, getting sore now that she remembers her place, a place from which the crowd that runs the A P must look pretty crummy.? Here Queenie realizes that not everyone may accept her boldness just because of her classShow MoreRelatedJohn Updike’s AP1429 Words   |  6 Pageseven in usage of language. The new generations try to express themselves as something different from the old, embracing new slang, trying to form a separation between themselves and the previous generation. In John Updike’s â€Å"A P†, a teenage boy named Sammy works at a local store called AP. Sammy is a young casher, that stands up to his boss and he stands up for three girls who are dressed in bathing suits. Sammy lives in a small town, where nothing really happens. There is a struggle within everyRead MoreJohn Updikes AP Essay767 Words   |  4 PagesIn John Updike’s short story, AP the writer takes you on a youths memory that involves the choices and consequences that life can deal to anyone who has not had time to test a rash decision. The narrator is an immature nineteen-year-old cashier who is about to make a giant leap from adolescence to manhood. Sammy narrates with opinions of not only his life, but also the people in the town. Sammy opposes with the way these people live their lives, and is determined to set a different course for hisRead MoreSymbolism in John Updikes A P1440 Words   |  6 PagesJohn Updikes short story A P recounts how an adolesce nt supermarket cashier named Sammy has his life changed forever when three girls in bathing suits shop in the store where he works. He is the first person narrator who shapes the tale with his descriptions, attitudes and opinions. He is the protagonist who grows up quickly in a single day and the only round, fully developed character in the tale. As you proceed through the story and become acquainted with Sammys opinions and ideas, it becomesRead MoreEssay on John Updikes AP865 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Updikes AP Many of the events that take place in John Updikes AP would not have happened had the town lived under a Marxist society. Marxism is a socio-economic ideal where all people work for the good of the community and is characterized by not having any social class distinctions. The division of Classes in AP is very apparent, especially between Sammy, the protagonist and first person narrator, and the three girls, one of the three antagonists, who walk into the storeRead MoreJohn Updikes AP Essay1355 Words   |  6 Pages Winners Sometimes Quit Try and remember what it was like to be a teenager. The short story â€Å"Aamp;P† tells the coming of age story of a nineteen year old boy named Sammy. Sammy has unknowingly placed himself into a situation that many small town adolescents often fall victim to. Sammy has a dead end job, and he feels as though he will be stuck working at the local â€Å"Aamp;P† while life passes him by. This is until a chance encounter with three young female customers changes his course from miniRead MoreEssay on Personality in John Updikes AP1275 Words   |  6 Pagescharacter to make them stand out in a story.nbsp; In A amp; P by John Updike, Sammy starts off as a young man discontent with his ordinary adult surroundings and moves to his need to change it. Throughout the story, Sammy describes and interprets the scenes around him, consequently revealing his own character, by which can be related through the use of Thomas Chous Ennegram, to distinguish his personality type. nbsp; John Updike gives the reader an inside look into the adolescent mindRead MoreAnalysis Of John Updikes AP Essay1544 Words   |  7 PagesJohn Updikes story AP talks about a 19-year old lad, Sammy, who has a job at the local grocery store, the AP. Sammy works at the register in the store and is always observing the people who walk in and out each day. On this particular day that the story takes place, Sammy is caught off guard when a cluster of girls walk into the store wearing just their bathing suits. This caught Sammys attention because the nearest beach is five miles away and he could not figure out why they would still beRead MoreChanges (John Updikes AP) Essay914 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish 1302.2E1 Changes Breaking away from the traditional is a struggle that contains several sacrifices and consequences. In John Updike’s â€Å"AP,† Sammy is a young teenager who transforms his wishes into reality. At first glance, he seems like a normal teenage boy, but instead he is an observational character who is trying to find a way to stand up for himself. Throughout the story, he undergoes changes toRead MoreJohn Updikes aP : Sammys Growth1545 Words   |  7 PagesJohn Updikes AP : Sammys Growth John Updikes story AP is about a nineteen year old boy, Sammy, who has a job at the local grocery store, the AP. Sammy works at the register in the store and is always observing the people who walk in and out each day. On this particular day that the story takes place, Sammy is caught off guard when a cluster of girls walk into the store wearing just their bathing suits. This caught Sammys attention because the nearest beach is five miles away and he couldRead MoreRebellion And Symbolism In John Updikes A P1842 Words   |  8 PagesThe short story â€Å"A P,† tells the story of a nineteen-year-old boy named Sammy who works in the local town grocery store. Sammy is the narrator of the story; one day while he was working at the cash register, three girls wearing nothing but bathing suits walk in. He instantaneously notices the girls, one in particular. He named her Queenie and she is seen as the leader or ‘queen bee’ of the three girls. As these girls walk th rough the grocery store they start to create a scene and get the attention

Sample design for Blackberry Free Essays

In sampling, an element is the object (or person) about which or from which the information is desired. In survey research, the element is usually the respondent. A population Is the total of all the elements that share some common set of characterlstlcs. We will write a custom essay sample on Sample design for Blackberry or any similar topic only for you Order Now Element: Objects that possess the information the researcher seeks and about which the researcher will make inferences. Population: The aggregate of all elements, sharing some common set of characteristics, that comprise the universe for the purpose of the marketing research roblem. The researcher can obtain Information about population parameters by taking either a census or a sample. Census: a complete enumaration of the elements of a population or study objects. Sample: A subgroup of the elements of the population selected for participation in the study. sample Large Time available Population size the characteristics Conditions Favoring the use of Factors census Budget Short Large Small small Long Small Variance in Large Cost of sampling error High Cost of nonsampllng errors High Low Nature of measurement Nondestructive Attention to individual cases No Advantages of Sampling Sampling saves time and money Sampling saves labor. Destructive Yes A sample coverage permits a higher overall level of adequacy than a full enumeration. Complete census Is often unnecessary, wasteful. and the burden on the public. 1) Define the Population: Sampling design begins by specifying the target population, which should be defined in terms of elements, sampling units, extent and time frame. Population/Target population: This is any complete, or the theoretically specified aggregation of study elements. It is usually the ideal population or universe to which esearch results are to be generalized. Survey population: This is an operational definition of the target population; that is target population with explicit exclusions-for example the population accessible, excluding those outside the country. Element (similar to unit of analysis): This is that unit about which information is collected and that provides the basis of analysis. In survey research, elements are people or certain types of people. Sampling unit: This is that element or set of elements considered for selection in some stage of sampling (same as the elements, in a simple single-stage sample). In a ulti-stage sample, the sampling unit could be blocks, households, and individuals within the households. Extent: This refers to geographical boundaries. Time frame: The time frame is the time period of interest. In our case; Population/ target population = Blackberry users Survey population = Blackberry users between the age of 18-24, which refers to university students regarding the demographical factors. Elements = Blackberry users who are university students Sampling Unit = Blackberry users in the Business Administration Faculty of Istanbul University. Extent = Business Administration Faculty of Istanbul University Time Frame = 2 weeks between 4-15 November Given the large size of the target population and limited time and money, it was clearly not TeaslDle to Intervlew tne entlre BlacKDerry users, tnat Is, to take a census. So a sample was taken, and a subgroup of the population was selected for participation in the research. Our sample/ subgroup can be seen above. 2) Determine the Sampling Frame: A sampling frame is a representation of the elements of the target population. To be specific, this is the actual list of sampling units from which the sample, or some stage of the sample, is selected. It is simply a list of the study population. Sampling frame of our case = List of the students in the Business Administration Faculty of Istanbul University. 3) Select a Sampling Technique: Selecting a sampling technique involves choosing nonprobability or probability sampling. Nonprobability sampling : relies on the personal Judgement of researcher, rather than chance in selecting sample elements. Convenience Sampling: as the name implies, involves obtaining a sample of elements based on the convenience of the researcher. The selection of sampling units is left primarily to the interviewer. Convenience sampling has the advantages of being both inexpensive and fast. Additionally, the sampling units tend to be accessible, easy to measure, and cooperative. Judgement Sampling: The researcher selects the sample based on Judgement. This is usually and extension of convenience sampling. For example, a researcher may decide to draw the entire sample from one â€Å"representative† city, even though the population includes all cities. When using this method, the researcher must be confident that the chosen sample is truly representative of the entire population. Quota Sampling: introduces two stages to the Judgemental sampling process. The first stage consists of developing control categories, or quotas, of population elements. Using Judgement to identify relevant categories such as age, sex, or race, the researcher estimates the distribution of these characteristics in the target population. Once the quotas have been assigned, the second stage of the sampling process takes place. Elements are selected using a convenience of Judgement process. Considerable freedom exists in selecting the elements to be included in the sample. The only requirement is that the elements that are selected fit the control characteristics. Snowball sampling: is a special nonprobability method used when the desired sample characteristic is rare. It may be extremely difficult or cost prohibitive to locate respondents in these situations. Snowball sampling relies on referrals from initial subjects to generate additional subjects. While this technique can dramatically lower search costs, it comes at the expense of introducing bias because the technique itself reduces tne II population. Kellnooa tnat tne sample wlll represent a good ross section Trom tne Probability sampling: in this kind sampling elements are selected by chance, that is, randomly. The probability of selecting each potential sample from a population can be prespecified. Simple Random Sampling: is the purest form of probability sampling. Each member of the population has an equal and known chance of being selected. When there are very large populations, it is often difficult or impossible to identify every member of the population, so the pool of available subjects becomes biased. Systematic Random Sampling: is often used instead of random sampling. It is also alled an Nth name selection technique. After the required sample size has been calculated, every Nth record is selected from a list of population members. As long as the list does not contain any hidden order, this sampling method is as good as the random sampling method. Its only advantage over the random sampling technique is simplicity. Systematic sampling is frequently used to select a specified number of records from a computer file. Stratified Random Sampling: is commonly used probability method that is superior to random sampling because it reduces sampling error. A stratum is a subset of the opulation that share at least one common characteristic. Examples of stratums might be males and females, or managers and non-managers. The researcher first identifies the relevant stratums and their actual representation in the population. Random sampling is then used to select a sufficient number of subjects from each stratum. â€Å"Sufficient† refers to a sample size large enough for us to be reasonably confident that the stratum represents the population. Stratified sampling is often used when one or more of the stratums in the population have a low incidence relative to the other stratums. Cluster Sampling: may be used when it is either impossible or impractical to compile an exhaustive list of the elements that make up the target population. Usually, however, the population elements are already grouped into subpopulations and lists of those subpopulations already exist or can be created. For example, let’s say the target population in a study was church members in the United States. There is no list of all church members in the country. The researcher could, however, create a list of churches in the United States, choose a sample of churches, and then obtain lists f members from those churches. ) Determine the Sample Size: The statistical approaches to determining sample size are based on confidence intervals. These approaches may involve the estimation of the mean or proportion. When estimating the mean, determination of sample size using a confidence interval approach requires a specification of precision level, confidence level, and population standard devia tion. In the case of proportion, the precision level, confidence level, and an estimate of the population proportion must De speclTlea. I ne sample size aetermlnea statlstlcally represents ne Tlnal or net sample size that must be achieved. In order to achieve this final sample size, a much greater number of potential respondents have to be contacted to account for reduction in response due to incidence rates and completion rates. Non-response error arises when some of the potential respondents included in the sample did not respond. The primary causes of low response rates are refusals and not-at-homes. Refusal rates may be reduced by prior notification, motivating the respondents, incentives, proper questionnaire design and administration, and follow- up. The percentage of not-at-homes can be substantially reduced by callbacks. Adjustments for non-response can be made by subsampling non-respondents, replacement, substitution, subjective estimates, trend analysis, weighting, and imputation. The statistical estimation of sample size is even more complicated in international marketing research, as the population variance may differ from one country to the next. A preliminary estimation of population variance for the purpose of determining the sample size also has ethical ramifications. The Internet and computers can assist n determining the sample size and adjusting it to a count for expected incidence and completion rates. Sampling distribution: the distribution of the values of a sample statistic computed for each possible sample that could be drawn from the target population under a specified sampling plan. Statistical inference: the process of generalizing the sample results to the population results. Normal distribution: a basis for classical statistical inference that is bell shaped and symmetrical and appearance. Its measures of central tendency are all identical. Standard error: the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the mean or proportion. Z values: the number of standard errors in point is away from the mean Incidence rate: the rate of occurrence of persons eligible to participate in a study expressed as a percentage Completion rate: the percentage of qualified respondents to complete the interview. It enables researchers to take into account anticipated refusals by people who qualify Substitution: a procedure that substitutes for nonrespondents other elements from the sampling frame that are expected to respond I rena analysis: a metnoa 0T a0Justlng Tor nonresponaents In wnlcn tne researcner tries to discern a trend between early and late respondents. This trend is projected to nonrespondents to estimate their characteristic of interest Weighting: statistical procedure that attempts to account for non-response by assigning differential weight to the data depending on the response rate Imputation: a method to adjust for non-response by assigning to characteristic of interest to the nonrespondents based on the similarity of the variables available for both nonrespondents and respondents. How to cite Sample design for Blackberry, Papers

Teaching Experience and Teaching Plan

Question: Describe the teaching experience and discuss your observations? Answer: Teaching plan This essay is having a brief discussion of the teaching plan which I planned for adult and elderly community and the planning for primary prevention and health promotion of depression in the local community. The teaching plan for adult and elderly community which I adapted is as - Initial step was to explain the aim, objective to elderly and adult people of this teaching so that they are motivated. Try to build anefficient relation with the all adult and elderly community members which will help to start the session easily. Analyse their background, strength and weakness before starting the teaching session. Before starting the main session of teaching, a small induction session was introduced to make them aware of the whole process. As per their requirements, skills, weakness, strength plan a specific learning activity(Dixon). The teaching plan which I decided for primary prevention and health promotion of depression people are different. For teaching plan for primary prevention of depression people is Analyse the reason behind depression. After analysing the reason I planned to have a face to face conversation so that can know about them properly i.e. their about their life and other activities. Now I started deciding the solution as per their problem, the reason of depression and the effect of their problem on their present society(George and Davis-wiley). Before implementation of solution on the person I analysed it result on society and surroundings of the person. Finally the implementation of the solution was done to resolve the problem(Sauerteig). The teaching plan for health promotion of depression community members is I planned to build a healthy public policy by which public will we aware of depression and will help them to communicate with each other. Tried developing a supportive and healthy environment around them so that they feel comfortable. Planned activities which help in motivating and developing their skills. Epidemiologic study of teaching plan The teaching plan can be explained using the epidemiological triangle. This model has three corners as A Host Is the person who is suffering from depression. An Agent The reason or the cause behind their depression. Environment Are the external factors which affect them like their surrounding and society. Figure1: Epidemiologic triangle Evaluating teaching experience The evaluation of teaching experience I did by some methods Self-monitoring the way of teaching. Feedback of the students by giving them questionnaire and interview. Feedback from analysis done by experts of my teaching recording and audio(Weintraub). Community response to teaching Initially the adult and elderly community people were not convinced from the plan of teaching so they refused to attend the classes. Their refusal of session and interaction shows their weakness which they didnt want to improve.The people from depression community were not interested in attending the session due to the fear from explore in society. The main reason behind their refusal of session was society in which they live. The people suffering from depression were considered as untouchability which demotivated them. Areas of strengths and improvement Area of strengths- Creativity i.e. the new ways for motivating them to attend sessions. Kindness Discipline Optimistic thinking Fairness Curiosity to learn and make other learn new things and etc. Area of improvement- Increase the level of self-control. Learn more innovative ways of teaching.