Pseudomonas Aeruginosa: Virulence and Pathogenesis Issues

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa: Virulence and Pathogenesis Issues Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram negative, motile, oxygen consuming pole molded bacterium which can happen as singles, two by two and every so often in short chains. P.aeruginosa is an omnipresent life form which can multiply under the sparest conditions, for example, sinks, toilets, beauty care products, vaporisers, inhalers, respirators, and anaesthesiology and dialysis hardware. Contaminated patients and staff are additionally potential essential wellsprings of disease (2). P.aeruginosa is a significant pioneering pathogen of the immunocompromised causing a wide scope of nosocomial diseases. These incorporate contaminations of consume, post usable injuries, urinary tract (particularly in patients with catheters), ears and eyes. Disease as often as possible prompts sepsis and passings can happen (3). This life form is related with the best dismalness and mortality in cystic fibrosis (4) and is predominant among patients with consume wounds and intravenous medication clients (5, 6). P.aeruginosa can continue and increase in wet situations and on most bits of gear in clinic wards. This is of significance in cross disease control (4). P.aeruginosa is the most significant, safe and hazardous creature contaminating consume patients (7). It is the fifth basic pathogen among medical clinic microorganisms and causes 10% of all emergency clinic obtained diseases (8). The pace of commensalisation increments as the span of emergency clinic stay expands (9). Epidermiologically, P.aeruginosa is positioned as the fourth reason for nosocomial diseases in the United States (10). An investigation on different clinical disengages was directed in Afghanistan at the Post Graduate Medical Institute (PGMI) Hayatabal Medical Complex to discover the predominance and antimicrobial powerlessness examples of P.aeruginosa diseases. Among the positive segregates, 6.67% were P.aeruginosa with the most elevated pace of contamination saw in orthopedic ward (24.61%) and 0PD (20%). The most noteworthy level of P.aeruginosa disengages were seen in discharge (57.64%) (11). Pseudomonas aeruginosa is impervious to numerous antimicrobial operators and has along these lines become prevailing and significant when the more defenseless microscopic organisms of the typical greenery are stifled (1). With the far reaching utilization of quinolones both in the emergency clinic and in the regular setting, tranquilize safe P.aeruginosa secludes have developed and keep on raising quickly (12). The antimicrobial specialists are losing their adequacy because of aimless utilization of anti-microbials, absence of mindfulness, quiet rebelliousness and unhygienic conditions (11). Like most gram negative bacilli, P.aeruginosa has been accounted for to have created protection from ordinarily utilized anti-microbials and disinfectants. It was initially touchy to Carbernicillin, piperacillin, Gentamicin, ciprofloxacin and different medications. Anyway it is currently impervious to these anti-infection agents (13, 14). The destructiveness factors related with P.aeruginosa cont aminations incorporate cytotoxin creation, the living beings capacity to shape a biofilm, produce gelatinase, elastase and basic protease. These reason the demolition of connective tissue and debasement of host immunological components (15, 16). The essential point of this investigation is to decide the predominance of P.aeruginosa in wound contaminations and its affectability to ordinarily utilized anti-microbials in inpatients at Parirenyatwa Group of Hospitals. PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most widely recognized Gram-negative microorganisms distinguished in the clinical examples of medical clinic conceded patients. It is a pole that measures about 0.6 2â µm and is motile by methods for a solitary polar flagellum (1, 18). P. aeruginosa is noted for its metabolic flexibility and its remarkable capacity to colonize a wide assortment of conditions and furthermore for its characteristic protection from a wide assortment of antimicrobial specialists. It is a commit aerobe that develops well at temperatures between 37-42Â °C. Because of its pervasive nature, P. aeruginosa develops promptly on a media (1). On Blood agar they are frequently ÃŽ ²-haemolytic while on MacConkey agar they produce pale settlements since they don't mature lactose. P.aeruginosa is oxidase positive (17). Pseudomonas aeruginosa is notable for its creation of two dissolvable shades, pyocyanin which is a non-fluorescent pale blue shade and the fluorescent color pyoverdin, which gives a greenish shading to the media. P. aeruginosa likewise creates a sweet grape-like smell because of the creation of 2-aminoacetophenone (1, 17). PATHOGENESIS P. aeruginosa is pathogenic when acquainted with territories lacking typical host protections for instance when there is tissue harm and during malignant growth treatment where there is neutropaenia (1). P.aeruginosa is a significant crafty pathogen of the immunocompromised causing a wide scope of nosocomial contaminations. These incorporate diseases of consume, post employable injuries, urinary tract (particularly in patients with catheters), ears and eyes (in clients of broadened wear delicate contact focal points). Disease as often as possible prompts sepsis and passings can happen (3). This living being is related with the best dismalness and mortality in cystic fibrosis (4) and is pervasive among patients with consume wounds and intravenous medication clients (5, 6). It produces cytotoxins, proteases and haemolysins. Segregates from patients with Cystic fibrosis produce a polysaccharide, alginate. The alginate, pili and external film intervene grip to have epithelia (19). Harmfulness FACTORS The capacity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to cause a wide scope of diseases is because of its capacity to deliver various cell-related (bonds, alginate, pili, flagella and lipopolysaccharide) and extracellular (elastase, exoenzyme S, exotoxin A, haemolysins, iron restricting proteins, leukocidins and proteases) destructiveness factors. These intervene various procedures including bond, supplement securing, resistant framework avoidance, leukocyte murdering, tissue grip and circulation system intrusion (20, 21). CELL-ASSOCIATED VIRULENCE FACTORS P.aeruginosa requires a penetrate in first-line protections to start disease. This can result from modification of the immunologic guard components for instance in chemotherapy-prompted immunosuppression and AIDS, disturbance of the defensive parity of mucosal ordinary greenery by wide range anti-infection agents, or penetrate of typical mucosal hindrances for instance injury and consumes (21, 23). Adherence of P. aeruginosa to have epithelium is interceded by type 4 pili, that stretch out from the cell surface (1, 22). Flagella, basically answerable for motility may likewise go about as adhesins to epithelial cells (23). Lipopolysaccharides are liable for endotoxic properties of the life form while the exopolysacharride is liable for the mucoid states from patients with Cystic fibrosis (1). EXTRACELLULAR VIRULENCE FACTORS These are extracellular items created by P. aeruginosa that can cause broad tissue harm. They incorporate exotoxin An, exoenzyme S, elastase, basic protease however the commitment of a given factor fluctuates with the sort of contamination (24). Exotoxin A catalyzes ADP-ribosylation and inactivation of extension factor 2, prompting restraint of protein biosynthesis and cell passing (25). It is likewise answerable for neighborhood tissue corruption (1). Exoenzyme S is additionally an ADP-riboslytransferase that ribosylates GTP restricting proteins bringing about direct tissue harm (26). Phospholipase C and rhamnolipid are haemolysin delivered by P. aeruginosa. They breakdown lipids and lecithin and both have cytotoxic impacts (27). Pseudomonas aeruginosa likewise creates poisons which incorporate Las B elastase, Las An elastase and basic protease (28). Las An elastase and Las B elastase have elastolytic action. Elastin is a significant part of lung tissue and veins. Las B elastase is a zinc metalloprotease while Las A will be a protease. Antacid protease lyses fibrin (29). BIOFILMS Pseudomonas aeruginosa is additionally ready to frame biofilms. Biofilms are unpredictable networks of surface-appended totals of microorganisms installed in a self-discharged extracellular polysaccharide grid or sludge (alginate) (30, 31). These go about as effective hindrances against antimicrobial specialists (aminoglycosides, ÃŽ ² lactamases, fluoroqunilones and disinfectants) and the host safe framework bringing about tireless colonization and loss of activity at the site of disease (32, 33). CELL TO CELL Signaling Cell to cell flagging frameworks control extracellular harmfulness factors required for tissue attack by P. aeruginosa. THE LAS CELL TO CELL Signaling SYSTEM The Las cell to cell flagging framework controls the statement of Las B elastase (34). It manages Las B articulation and is required for ideal creation of other extracellular destructiveness factors, for example, Las An elastase and exotoxin A (35). THE RHL CELL TO CELL Signaling SYSTEM The rhl cell to cell flagging framework controls the creation of rhamnolipid. The framework manages the outflow of the rhl AB operon that encodes a rhamnosyltransferase required for rhamnolipid creation. It is likewise significant for Las B elastase, protease, pyocyanin and basic transferase creation (36). ANTIMICROBIAL REACTIVITY OF P. AERUGINOSA Like most gram negative bacilli, P.aeruginosa has been accounted for to have created protection from ordinarily utilized anti-infection agents and disinfectants. It was initially touchy to Carbernicillin, piperacillin, Gentamicin, ciprofloxacin and different medications. Degrees of cross-obstruction between these operators have been accounted for be that as it may (13, 14). Treatment of contaminations by P. aeruginosa is regularly troublesome in light of its harmfulness and constrained decision of antimicrobial specialists. P. aeruginosa has the ability to convey multiresistance plasmids, and this element has prompted the presence of certain strains that are impervious to every dependable anti-microbial (37). In an investigation completed at the Post Graduate Medical Institute Hayatabad Medical complex in Afghanistan on the commonness and opposition example of P. aeruginosa against different subterranean insect

Managers And The Process Of Change Essays - Economy,

Chiefs And The Process Of Change Moving associations from current to future changed states isn't simple and requires aptitudes and information a few administrators don't have Presentation The edgy invitation to battle, Change or Die which can be heard resounding down the passages of organizations wherever is proof that pioneers have perceived the need to change. Administrators realize that organizations must be quick, adaptable, responsive, versatile, and innovative to endure. Most additionally realize that present attitudes, methods, and apparatuses are inadequate for making such an association. These individuals are showing the gifts required to effectively arrange change. They know about the constraints around or inside themselves and are happy to get familiar with the important abilities required to prevail as change supervisors. Change is the way toward moving starting with one state then onto the next. Similarly as moving house requires the gigantic pressing of furniture and different things, change requires the same amount of arrangements to be effective. The vast majority don't care for transform, they like things to continue as before. Changes require more exertion to adjust. It compromises strength and security and individuals dread that they won't have the option to adapt. Opposition is the common resistance to such apparent dangers. A decent director must have the option to work with and defeat obstruction he/she should have the option to control the entire procedure of progress. In light of this, I have thought about the job of the chief, what his/her capacity is and what abilities are required to empower him/her to be a fruitful change administrator. Capacity of Managers Fayol (1908) distinguished the elements of the director as: 1. Setting targets 2. Association 3. Inspiration 4. Control or estimation 5. Co-appointment These capacities are as evident today as they were at that point, however I think about correspondence as the way to them. It is the basic capacity in fruitful change the executives. Drucker (1977 in Stewart 1986) likewise makes the significant expansion of, the advancement of individuals. Every one of the capacities can be viewed as fundamental to overseeing developing or arranged change, anyway it is the equalization of abilities and information consolidated that produce an effective change chief. In light of these focuses we at that point think about associations and their inclination. Associations their tendency and culture. Associations are living social life forms, each with its own way of life, character, nature, and personality. Each association has its own history of accomplishment, which fortifies and reinforces the associations method of getting things done. The more established and progressively fruitful the association, the more grounded its way of life, its temperament, its character becomes. They are networks of individuals with a strategic, (1990 in Buchanan and Huczinsky, 1991), not machines. The essential idea of a living social living being is normally progressively crucial, more profound in the pecking order, and along these lines considerably more impressive than business work forms, money related frameworks, business methodology, vision, flexibly chains, data innovation, lean assembling, showcasing plans, group conduct, corporate administration. These wonders are significant. In any case, they are less in a general sense significant than the essential idea of associations as living social living beings. This fundamentally significant reality must be the place any intercession begins. At the point when this happens, the mediation gets an opportunity of working. To empower this directors must have the option to consolidate their insight into the above frameworks with reaction capacity. In the event that we take a gander at Figure 1, it exhibits the fine parity required by a chief to stay deft, permitting him/her to deal with a changing association while mulling over the framework of the association. Readiness is a significant aptitude for an administrator to have, in the event that he/she can arrive at this point then they are bound to be oversee change productively. Fig. 1 (Schneider, B. 1997.) Regardless of whether a specific change will work or not is identified with the degree to which the thought behind it considers steady procedure of designed change. Figuring out where an association has been, the place it is at present, and where it is essentially ready to go next is basically significant before any change is endeavored. To be sure, what supervisors must do is find the one of a kind examples and procedures - and afterward work to impact them in a way that causes the association to assist itself with working all the more proficiently and viably. The example of dynamic connections at the association level is culture, which clarifies why authoritative culture is so amazing. So ground-breaking, truth be told, that its effect overrides every other factor

The 20 Best MBA in Entrepreneurship Degree Programs

One of the best ways to remain competitive in today's management workforce is to pursue an MBA with a concentration in a field of entrepreneurship. Small firms are the drivers of the American economy, and an education in managing these firms can help entrepreneurs overcome the tremendous, 1-in-2 failure rate for startup companies. To maximize flexibility, many MBA programs have moved online and embraced a highly flexible format. Among these programs, there are a few that stand out. The best programs are those that are AACSB-accredited as well as regionally accredited, highly affordable, prestigious, and known from coast to coast.In the world of graduate business education, prestige and networking outweigh most other factors, aside from affordability, when choosing a program. For this reason, the ranking of schools below focuses primarily on a name recognition and academic prestige, with affordability and flexibility as secondary factors. Each program provides students with a powerful brand name and a vast network of professionals that will help them grow their career in a dynamic way. 20.Texas AM University - Commerce When it comes to finding great value and a prestigious name, the regional campuses of Texas AM University lead the way. The Commerce campus, located a bit north of Dallas, offers one of America's most affordable online MBA programs. Whether in-state or out-of-state, students pay about half the average price of an MBA for 36 credits of instruction. TAMU-Commerce offers an entrepreneurship concentration that teaches students the economics of starting a firm, the nature of positioning a product competitively in an economy dominated by larger corporations, and both the ethics and procedures for growing the business and managing its increasing number of employees. 19.Ohio University Often overshadowed by Ohio State University, this state-funded institution offers a top-ranked MBA that refreshingly required no GMAT scores during the admissions process. Ohio University, located in the small Ohio town of Athens, offers an online MBA with several concentrations in fields like healthcare and leadership. Students in the leadership concentration can opt to take courses that focus on leading a new firm, giving them the skills they need to be successful entrepreneurs after graduation.Easily one of the most affordable online MBAs in the nation, Ohio University's program requires 36 total credits. Of those credits, 9 credit hours must be in a concentration. Students also complete a capstone course at the end of the program and have the opportunity to travel to Athens for an in-person residency with fellow members of their online cohort. The program takes two years to complete on a part-time basis.​ 18.Robert ï » ¿Ã¯ » ¿Morrisï » ¿Ã¯ » ¿ University Located just outside of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Robert Morris has an AACSB-accredited online MBA that's among the most affordable online programs in the Keystone State. A concentration in entrepreneurship allows students in the 36-credit program to focus on what it takes to create a new product, bring it to market, and guide a firm toward sustainable success. The 9-credit concentration leads to a final capstone course, where students create business plans and proposals based on what they've learned in their prior coursework.Robert Morris University is one of the largest institutions of higher education in western Pennsylvania, ranked as a best value by U.S. News and World Report as well as top-ranked in business and regional higher education. The MBA's AACSB accreditation puts it in the top 5 percent of online programs worldwide. 17.Fayetteville State University One of North Carolina's largest and most affordable public universities, Fayetteville State is a top-ranked school for veterans. The school is located near a military base and offers a robust set of tools for veterans that makes it easier to schedule and afford the cost of the online MBA. An entrepreneurship concentration is available for students in this program, encompassing up to 12 credits of coursework in entrepreneurial finance, innovation management, small firm marketing, and ethical leadership.Fayetteville State University students complete a required capstone course during their final semester of enrollment, consisting of a business management and consulting simulation. This capstone is designed to both pull together the core concepts of the program and to teach students how to make effective decisions that benefit their firm. On a part-time basis, the online MBA can be completed in approximately two years. Thanks to its flexible, veteran-centric focus, however, the program can run for as long as three years to meet student needs. 16.University of South Florida The University of South Florida has emerged as a leader in regional higher education for online students in recent years, with an online MBA that is both highly affordable and AACSB-accredited. The school offers a discount to in-state students with Florida residency, even in its online program, which allows many graduates to leave the university without a significant student loan debt load. The 9-credit concentration in entrepreneurship focuses on general themes of "going it alone" in the world of business, including securing funding, setting a marketing strategy, and growing the firm through both employment and increased sales. 15.Eastern Michigan ï » ¿University Ranked in the top 100 regional universities in the Midwest, and among the top 30 public universities, Eastern Michigan University's online MBA program is both new and growing rapidly. The school benefits from highly affordable tuition, at least for in-state students, who pay one of the lowest per-credit rates offered by any business school in the region. Additionally, EMU ranks as one of the best schools for veterans, primarily due to the highly flexible nature of course scheduling in the online program.Entrepreneurship at the school is both a core curriculum focus of the online MBA program as well as an optional concentration for students with an interest in the field. The program is primarily informed by Eastern Michigan University research and the major industries of this Midwestern state, including automotive, arts, and technology industries. 14.Florida Internationalï » ¿Ã¯ » ¿ ï » ¿Ã¯ » ¿University Affordability is a key concern of this state-funded Florida University, which offers a generous, $10,000 scholarship to entering online MBA students. The school allows for a full waiver of the GMAT, further enhancing access to students of all backgrounds. Upon admission, students can choose from a concentration in entrepreneurship that spans between 9 and 12 credits. Focused on tech innovation and managing a startup firm, the concentration prepares students to become innovators and managers of exceedingly small firms. Ranked one of the best online MBAs in the south, FIU also earns top marks as an affordable program for all admitted students in the most recent edition of U.S. News and World Report. 13.University of Houston The University of Houston System is the leading, urban provider of public higher education in the city of Houston. The school's state funding allows it to offer exceedingly affordable tuition to Houston and Texas residents, making it one of the most affordable online programs for these individuals. Out-of-state residents pay more, but still get a great value.The 36-credit MBA program at the University of Houston offers a concentration in entrepreneurship based on the university's extensive academic research into innovation management and startups. Students focus primarily on the technology industry in case studies that teach the basics of starting, growing, marketing, and diversifying a new firm. Internships and high-tech simulations also teach students how their actions directly affect a growing firm. 12.Ball State University Originally founded as a teacher's college, Ball State has evolved into one of the nation's flagship public universities. The school is also one of the most affordable providers of online education, and has earned top ranks for educational quality within its online programs from U.S. News and World Report. The school's top ranking as a great value is a boon to business students who don't want to rely excessively on student loans to fund their educational expenses.The entrepreneurship concentration within the MBA requires at least 9 credits, and as many as 12 credits, in areas like innovation management, entrepreneurial finance, scaling a small firm to meet demand, and much more. Students also complete a capstone course, resulting either in a virtual simulation or a scholarly thesis that ties their academic experience together as they finish the program. 11.University of Massachusetts at Amherst UMass Amherst offers one of the largest online MBA programs, boosted by an extensive marketing effort as well as an excellent reputation in the world of higher education. Operating for more than a decade, the online MBA program at Amherst offers a concentration in entrepreneurship and general leadership. Between 9 and 12 credits are required, which will introduce students to ethical leadership, the details of starting and growing a firm, and how to navigate a highly competitive marketplace of ideas and high-tech products. The school's online program is ranked in the top 15 online MBAs nationwide, according to U.S. News and World Report, and is also named a best value and a leader among national universities. 10.Saint Joseph's University At Saint Joseph's University, in Philadelphia, students are encouraged to live the "magis," a Jesuit term that invokes giving back to others and living a fulfilled life. Throughout the MBA program at the university, students are instructed in business ethics and taught how to make decisions that are both fiscally responsible and beneficial to the community at large.Within the entrepreneurship concentration, the school's students learn about the ethical dilemmas facing business owners and innovators, giving them a solid foundation on which to build and grow a new firm. Consistently recognized by U.S. News and World Report as well as the Beta Gamma Sigma business honor society, the school typically ranks among the best nationwide for online MBAs. 9.Suffolk University Suffolk University is notably the only university in Greater Boston that has earned AACSB accreditation for both its accounting and business programs, positioning it in the top 1 percent of business schools globally. Though better known for its law school, Suffolk offers a top-30 MBA with an a highly successful entrepreneurship concentration.The business school, a prolific producer of management research, has a broad core curriculum that pairs with 9 credits of elective study. Within the entrepreneurship concentration, students will study the economics of starting a firm, the ethics of securing funding and working with "angel" investors, and the process of growing the firm's products, familiarity, and employment base. 8.Northeastern University Once a commuter school for regional students, Northeastern University has grown in recent decades to become a top-ranked national university for students from coast to coast. The D'Amore-McKim School of Business is one of the top business research centers in the country, offers a separate Department of Entrepreneurship that focuses centrally on the creation and growth of new firms, and has earned a top-50 ranking among all online MBA programs in the country.Northeastern's MBA emphasizes hands-on learning, encouraging online students to work in groups, study cases, and engage in high-tech simulations that teach the basics of starting a firm, securing funding, and bringing a product to market. The MBA also benefits from a 235 percent explosion in employer partners who actively recruit Northeastern graduates. 7.Oklahoma State University One of two flagship public universities in Oklahoma, OSU offers a highly affordable online MBA that's ranked in the top 40 programs nationwide in U.S. News and World Report. In addition to offering a robust entrepreneurship concentration within its MBA curriculum, Oklahoma State has a separate School of Entrepreneurship that is centrally focused on both instruction and research in the field.The School of Entrepreneurship has helped the university earn a reputation as a top school for starting new firms. Its research has also been central to the explosion of tech startups nationwide over the last two decades. The online program can be completed in two years, on a part-time basis. 6.Drexel University Philadelphia's Drexel University has built its reputation on offering an innovative cooperative learning program. Co-op, as the program is known, allows students to both learn in the classroom and apply those skills in a full-time job off-campus. For MBA students, co-op opportunities include placements alongside executives for high-achieving students, giving them insight into top-level decision making as well as an unparalleled opportunity to network and build a career in management.The entrepreneurship program at Drexel is offered in the form of an online MBA concentration. Students take 9 credits that focus on both entrepreneurship and innovation management, making the program a natural fit for today's tech-minded entrepreneurs who are looking to incorporate both their business education and a product that innovates its way into the marketplace. The program can be completed in a 2-year cohort, or stretched to more than three years, depending on student preference. 5.University of Florida Known as one of the flagship public universities in both Florida and the southeastern region of the United States, it should come as no surprise that the University of Florida offers one of the top-ranked online MBA programs in the country. Excellent rankings in Forbes, BusinessWeek, and U.S. News and World Report give the University of Florida's AACSB-accredited program an edge with in-state students, who benefit from lower tuition, as well as students across the country who are looking for a top-tier degree.At the University of Florida, the study of entrepreneurship is combined with a study of both leadership and innovation. Students are taught how to think critically about a new product, how to pursue funding, and how to ethically market and publicize a firm over time. The school's capstone course focuses on either consulting or leadership, giving soon-to-be graduates a chance to develop hands-on experience in business decision-making. 4.Washington State ï » ¿Ã¯ » ¿University Washington State University offered one of the earliest online MBA programs. Today, the school is widely known for offering one of the most affordable online MBA programs in the country. Washington State University also benefits from proximity to major tech companies, like Microsoft and Amazon, which informs its entrepreneurship curriculum and makes its MBA one of the best choices for students who aspire to either own a tech firm or join one of the country's largest technology companies after commencement.WSU's entrepreneurship concentration is tech-focused, with an emphasis on bringing innovative new technologies to market and navigating the process of securing funding, making marketing decisions, growing employment, and maturing a successful firm. Graduates will be prepared to join the tech entrepreneurs of Greater Seattle, the Silicon Valley, and other tech hubs throughout the country and the world. 3.University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill has seen its MBA evolve from a fledgling program to one that's tied for first place with the more established online MBA at Temple University in Philadelphia. While the schools are on par in terms of quality, it's worth noting that UNC Chapel Hill's MBA is more than three times the price of Temple's program. While prestigious, that means this school could be out of reach for students on a budget. Even so, it has earned a place in the top three programs for its high degree of prestige and its track record for getting MBA graduates into lucrative positions and long-term careers.Within the program, UNC Chapel Hill offers a robust, 9-credit concentration in entrepreneurship that teaches students the economics of starting a new venture, the process of growing the venture and adding employees, and the ethical concerns of entrepreneurs in today's marketplace. General business courses focus on a broad variety of topics, ranging from economics a nd statistics to integrated marketing, finance, and managerial accounting. The program can be completed in about two years on a part-time basis and offers robust career services for online program graduates.​​ 2.Indiana University Indiana University's Kelley School of Business was one of the first online MBAs from a major, public university in the United States. Over the course of more than a decade, IU's AACSB-accredited online MBA program has become one of the largest and most prestigious options available nationwide. With more affordable tuition than the program at UNC Chapel Hill, the school seems a better fit for entrepreneurs who are looking to start their careers with as little debt as possible. The overall reputation and instructional quality of the school, which often ranks in the top 5 online MBA programs in U.S. News and World Report, is also top-notch.The Kelley MBA can be completed in as little as two years, though part-time students might take as long as three years to finish the required coursework. In addition to the typically broad MBA core curriculum, Kelley students can opt for an entrepreneurship concentration that spans 9 or 12 credit hours. The program's central focus is on the mechanics of actually starting and growing a business, with a significant focus on the economic, strategic, and human resources implications of a growing firm. 1.Temple University Consistently ranked as the best online MBA program in the United States, Temple University's MBA program is also highly regarded by U.S. News and World Report for its track record of producing successful entrepreneurs. The university offers a specialization in entrepreneurship as part of its MBA program and operates an Innovation and Entrepreneurship Institute at the main campus in Philadelphia. This institute is focused on both guiding students toward entrepreneurial success and researching entrepreneurship itself.Temple's program, which benefits from partial state funding and keeps tuition low, lasts just over two years on a part-time basis. Full-time students can complete the 48-credit-hour program in just 18 months. The program is broken down into several components: leadership, accounting, statistics, and a "carousel" of general business classes and elective credits. A capstone course in enterprise consulting gives students either hands-on or simulated experience in an executive role. All told, Temple's focus on research, cutting-edge online instruction, prestige, and value, make it easily the best choice for entrepreneurs and all other MBA applicants.​Related Articles 20 Best Online Masters in Supply Chain Management​Top 20 Masters In Project Management Degree Programs​​​​10 Best Online Masters in Non-Profit Management​​​​Top 20 Online Sports Management Masters Degree Programs​​​​25 Best Masters in Organizational Leadership​​​​20 Best Online Masters in Finance Programs​​​20 Best Online Masters in Accounting Degree Programs​Top 15 Masters in International Business Degree Programs​​​

Essay about The Pride of Othello - 926 Words

The Pride of Othello nbsp; nbsp; In Shakespeares Othello, Othellos pride prevents him from finding the truth, eventually leading to his demise. Initially, Othello and Desdemona are deeply in love, despite her fathers disapproval of their marriage. However, when Othello promotes Cassio instead of Iago to Lieutenant, Iago has his revenge by convincing Othello that Desdemona cheats on him with Cassio, destroying the marriage between Othello and Desdemona. Othello grows to meet his downfall when his trusted friend Iago causes him to think that his wife Desdemona is unfaithful. nbsp; In the beginning of the play, Othello and Desdemona have a strong relationship. When others interfere with their marriage, Othello†¦show more content†¦/ [Duke:] If you please, / Bet at her fathers. / [Brabantio:] Ill not have it so. / [Othello:] Nor I. / [Desdemona:] Nor I (I.iii.254-262). Even in time of war, Othellos and Desdemonas love holds true. They cannot stand living apart for a long period of time. Brabantio also knows that Desdemona will only show her loyalty to Othello, so he would rather have her away with Othello than home with him. Much later, Othello and Desdemona again show each other their love. Othello plans revelry for the evening in celebration of the defeat of the Turks and in celebration of his marriage to Desdemona. Once the celebration begins, Othello leaves Cassio on guard and departs to consummate his marriage: Come, my dear love, -- / The purchase made, the fruits are to ensue; / The profits yet to come `tween me and you (II.iii.9-11). Othello only wishes for the best from his new marriage with Desdemona. He shows no sign of any desire for anything bad to happen. Othellos and Desdemonas marriage stays free of problems because their love for each other stays strong. nbsp; However strong Othellos and Desdemonas marriage seems, it begins to deteriorate as a result of Othellos self-pride. At first, Iago convinces Othello that Desdemona is unfaithful. Iago suggests to Othello that Desdemona slept with Cassio. Iago uses a handkerchief given by Othello to Desdemona that he got Emilia to get for him as his proof againstShow MoreRelatedEssay on Pride in Oedipus and Othello1727 Words   |  7 PagesPride in Oedipus and Othello   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In literature, the tragic heroes Oedipus and Othello allow the pride they have to cause their own demise by putting too much emphasis on the lives they have created for themselves. Oedipus, who blinds himself after finding out he has killed his birth father and married his birth mother, refuses to believe he has truly fulfilled his fate because he is so proud of what he has accomplished since he left Corinth. Othello demonstrates his pride by believing thatRead MorePower of Love in Othello and Pride and Prejudice1908 Words   |  8 PagesCompare and contrast how Shakespeare and Austen present the power of love in Othello and Pride and Prejudice. 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Media Violence Essay - 967 Words

Media Violence Violence is used in many ways in promos as a hook to draw viewers into the program. That is because violence is an effective promotional device. But severe permanent damage could be done to the children’s minds by such pornographic and sadistic material, in which detail is powerfully realistic. The increasing demand of comics, the wide use of the Internet, and viewing television are the main forms of media, which have caused people’s minds to perform violence. First of all, comics play an important role in the promotion of Media Violence. The comics were universally condemned. They were badly produced, on poor paper with cheap print. They were full of sadistic violence, horrific obsession with death, lustful†¦show more content†¦She died in that incident. Comics come with illustrations that consist of violent scenes that make comics even more believable. The deceived reader tends to mix reality and fantasy, and without realizing it, he or she tends to long for his or her hero in time of need, when the only person who can help achieve and solve his or her problems is himself or herself. They lack independence and confidence. Furthermore, satire comics have the tendency to send the wrong messages to the public. Political figures use comics to ensure their success in the elections. By this, they are hoping to gain extra support from the public. This also causes conflict as the satire most probably affects and insults the opposition, resulting in violence. Besides that, the Internet, a growing form of media, contributes to media violence in today’s society. People, who view pornographic content in the Internet, increase their sexual appetite and tend to fantasize about sex-related activities. Such explicit material affects almost everyone. Their need for sexual pleasure increases their desire to have sex. 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Researchers allowed childrenRead More Media Violence Essay1684 Words   |  7 Pageswhether it is right for their child to have access to this sort of violence: the kind found in most video games, television shows, and movies all over the world. But honestly, does it make a difference in the child’s development as a productive member of society, and if so, can a parent really do anything about it? These are the questions that researchers of the subject hope to answer conclusively In order to understand how media violence has an effect on children, different variables must first be examined

Transactional Leadership and Development †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Transactional Leadership and Development. Answer: Introduction Leadership is a broad term, and it can be defined as the act of leading a group of individuals in a certain direction. Additionally, it can also be defined as a position or a state of being a leader (McCleskey, 2014). Leadership entails developing a clear vision then sharing the vision with other people in order for them to follow it willingly. It also involves giving the information, skills, and ways to realize the provided vision as well as balancing and coordinating the conflicting interests of individuals and all stakeholders (Inclusive leadership, 2017). This paper seeks to review deeply my reflection on leadership studies and how I can apply it in my organization from what I have learned in class. As I was growing up, all I knew about leadership was that it is a state of being a leader and it started with my family where I viewed my father as the leader of the house by the way he used to give instructions. Notably, I associated everyone giving instructions and rules as a leader including my teachers, prefects and being in this class has taught me that I was not wrong. Additionally, I have learned that not everyone can become a leader since there are traits that leaders should have in order to lead. Leaders can be defined as people who commands or leads others in a country or an organization. Being in a leadership class has widened my thoughts, and I have come to learn about leadership traits, theories as well as leadership styles. My leadership definition has changed, and I can define leadership as a state of leading people using different leadership traits and styles. Being in leadership class has helped me to learn about the characteristics that leaders should have in order to serve people and lead them in the right direction. Effective leaders should be emotional stable such that they have the ability to tolerate frustrations as well as stress (Raes et al., 2013). They should be psychologically prepared that anything can happen as they are leading and they should be mature enough to tackle these challenges. Additionally, leaders should express enthusiasm, and they should be expressive, active and energetic in their work. They should be open to any changes that come their way and be very optimistic to ideas. The leader should lead by example because everyone they lead tends to follow what they do thus they should be self-disciplined (Hotez Aksoy, 2017). Leaders should be tough-minded such that they are logic, practical, and straight to the point. If a leader does not like a particular aspect of a group, he or she should be open and straight to the point to state it in order to prevent conflict. He should be confident and show a sense of self-assurance . They should not try to prove anything to the group, and they should be free of guilt (M. H. Anderson Sun, 2017). I learned that leaders should be brave and creative such that they are able to come up with new ideas and skill. Additionally, I have learned about leadership styles in this class. There are different leadership styles such as autocratic leadership where it is centered on the manager or the boss. The leader does not consult anyone subordinate while making decisions, but instead, he does it on his own. Such leaders make decisions and then communicate the decisions to their subordinates and expect quick implementation (H. J. Anderson, Baur, Griffith, Buckley, 2017). Democratic leadership is where the leader consults other members whenever they want to make a particular decision in an organization. This style of leadership makes all members feel that they are part of the organization and they appreciate it so much. Transformational leadership is all about bringing change in the firm, oneself, groups, and others (Hoch, Pearce, Welzel, 2010). These leaders motivate the subordinate to do a lot compared to what they can perform or even think. They set more challenging goals for the organization, and they end up achieving higher performance. Additionally, they tend to have committed as well as satisfied members since they empower them to do they work in an extraordinary manner. Laissez-faire leadership provides authority to the members. People are permitted to work as they choose with little or no interference (Prestia, 2017). Learning these traits is of benefit to my organization because I can lead in the right way. Additionally, I am able to correct where I make mistakes, and I can come up with new ideas in the company which help the firm grow in a positive manner. I have learned that in order for an organization to grow, the leadership style that a leader uses in the firm matters a lot. For me, I am a transformational leader because I realized that this style of leadership makes employees work harder than they do before and they are able to get out of their comfort zone in the workplace. Additionally, I am able to come up with new goals which are challenging but not complicated, and employees are able to achieve them at the right time. Being a transformational leader has helped me maintain the same employees for a long time because I give them a chance to show their skills and knowledge in different departments where each one of them works in and therefore able to grow. Additionally, these employees hav e a chance to speak out their decision about an aspect, and I also give them room to express their feelings whenever they feel something is not right. Leading my employees using this style of leadership has helped my organization develop and grow greatly since objectives are met at the right time and employees always come to work without fail as they are motivated to work in my organization. Leadership studies have a positive implication for my future in my organization because I tend to learn something new and fresh in this class whenever I interact with my fellow students and employees. Additionally, the implication is that leadership studies will help me become more innovative and introduce more ideas which will help my organization grow. Additionally, I will also be able to understand more ways in which I can determine a qualified employee in the process of interviewing and hiring new workers. I need to learn more about how a leader can serve employees without favoring some of them. In other words, in my organization, some employees complain that the manager has a habit of favoring employees who are obedient and those who hit their goals at the right time. I understand that this habit can be dangerous and it can affect employees in a great way and decide to perform their work in a slow way because they might not feel motivated. According to equity theory of motivatio n which was developed by Adams John, stated that people are always motivated to work whenever there is fairness in the workplace (Chapman, 2001). If one worker realizes that the manager favors a certain group of employees, they might feel demotivated to perform their task. The theory states that the boss should treat employees equally with fairness. Again, the level of the hard work of the employees should be equal to the way they are rewarded (Gagn Deci, 2005). For instance, the employer should give a reward which is equivalent to their input. At the same time, this behavior can encourage those employees who are not hitting their targets at the right time to work harder so as to impress the manager. I will develop my leadership knowledge by teaching my other business partners and leaders on how to lead in their organizations in the right way. I will also empower my employees and teach them on how to be good leaders since my organization allows employees to start something new on their own. Having realized that many organizations fail because of poor leadership styles, I will teach people about this style of transformational leadership in order for them to see whether their companies can have a change and grow positively. I will use my knowledge to encourage them to portray good leadership traits and lead by example in their firms. I will train them on how to be open-minded and introduce new ideas in their company in order for their employees to be challenged to work while meeting challenging goals. Additionally, since most leaders do not know how to motivate their workers, I will teach them how to motivate employees using rewards, promotions, and praises as I do in my organizati on. My developmental opportunities are in my organization and other businesses which I intend to start in future. I believe that I will be able to apply the knowledge gained in class practically when I start my new business. Notably, I believe that since I have gained a lot of knowledge in leadership studies, I can hold conferences and seminars to teach people about leadership because the style of leadership mostly manners in an organization. Additionally, my developmental opportunities are my employees, and therefore I should treat them in an appropriate manner so that they can use their knowledge and skills to improve my firm. Also, I believe in the power of rewards in an organization, and I hope to introduce more ways for rewarding employees whenever they perform their work and hit the organizations targets at the right time. I trust that my organization has not reached where I have always wanted, and I look forward to improving where it needs improvement by learning how to determine a qualified employee during interviews. I have always fallen into the trap of hiring employees who as less qualified my most of my interviews are question-answer interviews. My plan is to start interviews which involve practical skills. Additionally, I will introduce new methods of rewarding employees such as giving them free trips and bigger promotions. Conclusion In conclusion, learning new ideas can never stop since technology keeps on changing and I believe that after college I will still learn how to be a good leader through the internet. I will also be attending seminars which talks more about leadership in order to benefit my organization. Since I have learned about leadership in my class, I will use my knowledge by teaching my other business partners and leaders on how to lead in their organizations in the right way. I will also empower my employees and teach them on how to be good leaders since my organization allows employees to start something new on their own. My leadership definition has changed, and I can define leadership as a state of leading people using different leadership traits and styles. Being in leadership class has helped me to learn about the characteristics that leaders should have in order to serve people and lead them in the right direction. References Anderson, H. J., Baur, J. E., Griffith, J. A., Buckley, M. R. (2017). What works for you may not work for (Gen)Me: Limitations of present leadership theories for the new generation. Leadership Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2016.08.001 Anderson, M. H., Sun, P. Y. T. (2017). Reviewing Leadership Styles: Overlaps and the Need for a New Full-Range Theory. International Journal of Management Reviews, 19(1), 7696. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12082 Chapman, A. (2001). adams equity theory - workplace motivational theory - how individuals measure inputs and outcomes in relation to market norms and referents. Retrieved from https://www.businessballs.com/adamsequitytheory.htm Gagn, M., Deci, E. L. (2005). Self-determination theory and work motivation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(4), 331362. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.322 Hoch, J. E., Pearce, C. L., Welzel, L. (2010). Is the Most Effective Team Leadership Shared? The Impact of Shared Leadership, Age Diversity, and Coordination on Team Performance. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 9(3), 105116. https://doi.org/10.1027/1866-5888/a000020 Hotez, P. J., Aksoy, S. (2017). Will a new 2017 global leadership commit to NTDs? PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005309 Inclusive leadership. (2017). Nursing Management. https://doi.org/10.7748/nm.24.3.12.s12 McCleskey, J. A. (2014). Situational, Transformational, and Transactional Leadership and Leadership Development. Journal of Business Studies Quarterly, 5(4), 117. Retrieved from https://ezproxy.leedsmet.ac.uk/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=edbAN=96783710site=eds-livescope=site Prestia, A. S. (2017). The art of leadership diplomacy. Nursing Management, 48(4), 5255. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NUMA.0000514068.76314.4d Raes, E., Decuyper, S., Lismont, B., van den Bossche, P., Kyndt, E., Demeyere, S., Dochy, F. (2013). Facilitating team learning through transformational leadership. Instructional Science, 41(2), 287305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11251-012-9228-3

Krispy Kreme Essay Example Essay Example

Krispy Kreme Essay Example Paper Krispy Kreme Essay Introduction Krispy Kreme Doughnuts, Inc. FIN Professor XXX XXXX Month xx, xxxx History Krispy Kreme was founded by Vernon Rudolph after he purchased the famous secret recipe of yeast-raised doughnuts in 1937 from a French chef in New Orleans. Rudolph began to sell these doughnuts wholesale to supermarkets. The demand for his doughnuts grew quickly, and by cutting a hole in the wall of the factory to sell directly to customers the concept of Krispy Kreme retail stores was born. The retail concept for Krispy Kreme doughnuts allowed Rudolph to grow his factory stores to 29 shops in 12 states by the late 1950’s. When Rudolph died in 973 Beatrice Foods bought his company and expanded it to more than 100 locations and expanded the menu to include soups and sandwiches. Beatrice tried to reduce costs by changing the appearance of the stores and using cheaper ingredients. This negatively affected the company and Beatrice sold the company to a group of franchise owners. This group of owners was led by Joseph McAleer, who was the first Krispy Kreme franchisee. The leveraged buyout was completed for $24 million in 1982. The new group brought back the original recipe and logo. By 1989 the group was almost debt free and they were beginning to expand. The company CEO, Scott Livengood, took the company public in April of 2000. The share price after the first day was $40. 63. Holes in Doughnut Accounting Practices In May of 2004 Krispy Kreme announced to its investors that they should expect earnings to be 10% lower than predicted. It was at this time that the low-carb diet had taken the U. S by storm, and Krispy Kreme blamed this low-carb diet for their low wholesale and retail sales. Krispy Kreme Essay Body Paragraphs They also announced the sales of a the Montana Mills bakery chain of 28 bakery cafe’s that had been acquired in January of 2003 for $40 million in stock. Krispy Kreme also announced that the Hot Doughnut and Coffee Shops were falling short of expectations and three of them were closing at a cost of $7 to $8 million. Krispy Kreme (KKD) stock price closed down 30% that day. Shortly after on May 25th, 2004 when the Wall Street Journal published a story about how Krispy Kreme handled is accounting for franchise acquisitions. According to the article Krispy Kreme recorded the interest paid by the franchisee as interest income for immediate profit, except that Krispy Kreme booked the purchase cost of the franchise as an intangible asset and did not amortize it. In the repurchase agreement of the 7 stores in Michigan, they allowed one of the franchises top executives to stay on with the company after the repurchase. This executive left the company shortly after closing the deal, and had to pay him $5 million in severance which Krispy Kreme also rolled into the unamortized-asset category. Krispy Kreme claimed it followed GAAP standards and had done nothing wrong. The final shoe to drop as on July 29th, 2004 when Krispy Kreme announced that the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) had launched an informal investigation related to â€Å"franchise reacquisitions and the company’s previously announced reduction in earning guidance†. Krispy Kreme (KK) shares fell another 15%. The revelations about the companies accounting practices and showing interest as immediate income and not amortizing the repurchased franchises but rather showing them as intangible assets alone could justify the devaluation of their stock price by approx. 45%. Couple their earnings decline and the announcement of store closings and it easily can be justified. Couple that with the fear of the unknown. If Krispy Kreme was treating their interest and reacquired franchises as they were which seems to be blatantly wrong, what else might the SEC find during their investigation? This fear would certainly drive investors away and their share price down. The facts along with its ratings being dropped by 50% of analysts to â€Å"Hold† from â€Å"buy† a few months earlier. Krispy Kreme Deep Fried and Possible Deeper Issues Krispy Kreme grew incredibly quickly in the years leading up to the nvestigation (as shown in the chart below) and then may have tried to meet Wall Street expectations through some questionable practices such as shipping more product or pulling ahead product orders, then allowing the orders to be returned shortly after for credit. â€Å"Testimony by a former sales manager at a Krispy Kreme outlet in Ohio, said a regional manager ordered that retail store customers be sent double orders on the last Friday and Saturday of the 2004 fiscal year, explaining â€Å"that Krispy Kreme wanted to boost the sales for the fiscal year in order to meet Wall Street projections. The witness said the manager explained that the doughnuts would be returned for credit the following week – once fiscal 2005 was under way† (Chin, 2005). It seems pretty clear that Krispy Kreme was using questionable methods to inflate profits. Investors also later found out that Scott Livengood (CEO), the former COO John W. Tate, and the former CFO Randy Casstevens, â€Å"unloaded more than 475,000 shares of Krispy Kreme stock for proceeds of $19. 8 Million†, (Chin, 2005) while they were fully aware sales were declining since January of 2003. During this investigation, Scott Livengood, Krispy Kreme’s CEO announced his retirement. It would seem to me that there may be some deeper issues with Krispy Kreme and if I were a shareholder I would want out, or to be certain that Krispy Kreme’s accounting mess was cleaned up. The chart below shows Krispy Kreme’s performance during the years leading up to the investigat ion. Krispy Kreme Re-made Fresh Today Krispy Kreme’s stock has not fully recovered, (see chart below), but as of the end of 2012 Krispy Kreme seems to have made a comeback. â€Å"Krispy Kreme Doughnuts, Inc. Krispy Kreme) is a retailer and wholesaler of doughnuts complementary beverages and treats and packaged sweets. The Company’s principal business is owning and franchising Krispy Kreme stores, at which a variety of doughnuts, including the Company’s Original Glazed doughnut, are sold and distributed together with complementary products, and where a broad array of coffees and other beverages are offered. As of January 29, 2012, there were 234 Krispy Kreme stores operated domestically in 38 states and in the District of Columbia, and there were 460 shops in 20 other countries around the world. Of the 694 total stores, 292 were factory stores and 402 were satellites. The Company operates in four segments: Company Stores, domestic franchise stores, international franchise stores, and the KK Supply Chain† (â€Å"Krispy Kreme Doughnuts†). As of close of business on Friday last week KKD traded at $14. 80, way below its heyday when the stock traded in the $40’s but it is double its all-time low. Krispy Kreme doughnuts (KKD as of March 22, 2013 When compared to its competitors Krispy Kreme’s P/E is 49. 33. This is much higher than the others but its P/S is in the middle. Krispy Kreme’s competitors are listed as Dunkin’ Brands Group, Einstein Noah restaurant Group, and Starbuck Corporation. Below is the direct competitor comparison. Direct Competitor Comparison| | | KKD| DNKN| BAGL| SBUX| Industry| Market Cap:| 989. 57M| 3. 94B| 253. 09M| 42. 99B| 384. 28M| Employees:| N/A| 1,104| 6,912| 160,000| 10. 87K| Qtrly Rev Growth (yoy):| 0. 16| -0. 04| -0. 04| 0. 11| 0. 30| Revenue (ttm): | 435. 84M| 658. 18M| 427. 01M| 13. 66B| 453. 84M| Gross Margin (ttm):| 0. 17| 0. 79| 0. 21| 0. 57| 0. 31| EBITDA (ttm):| 47. 93M| 304. 86M| 48. 46M| 2. 46B| 47. 5M| Operating Margin (ttm): | 0. 09| 0. 38| 0. 07| 0. 14| 0. 07| Net Income (ttm):| 20. 78M| 108. 18M| 12. 74M| 1. 43B| N/A| EPS (ttm):| 0. 30| 0. 93| 0. 74| 1. 86| 0. 78| P/E (ttm):| 49. 33| 39. 95| 20. 01| 30. 87| 29. 99| PEG (5 yr expected):| 1. 02| 1. 58| 0. 98| 1. 43| 1. 50| P/S (ttm):| 2. 24| 5. 96| 0. 59| 3. 13| 1. 04| | | | | Suggestions for a Krisp/Klean Future Making Doughnuts I three things I might suggest if I were the CFO for Krispy Kreme doughnuts would be to insure open communication with investors and insure them that internal auditing systems are in place. I’m sure that investors lost all trust in the previous management because of the questionable practices that were followed. Krispy Kreme needs to rebuild that trust by having open lines of communication with its investors. I would take a serious look at closing unprofitable stores, and research other markets to open more stores. Some areas may still be underperforming whi le others are booming. Concentrate on the areas that show better potential and take advantage of that market while it is supporting growth. Because their competitors seem to offer expanded menus I would concentrate on healthy choices for the lunchtime crowd. Everyone is aware of Krispy Kreme’s doughnuts, but I’m not so sure their other menu items are well known as an option for lunch/brunch. Other than the morning rush for doughnuts, they could make their stores more profitable with being the †go toâ€Å" spot for lunch also. References Chin, N. (2005). Krispy Kreme Dougnuts: Empty calories or empty profits? Retrieved from http://www. corporateconflicts. com/index-sb-cases-kk. html Krispy kreme doughnuts. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. google. com/finance? client=obq=NYSE:KKD We will write a custom essay sample on Krispy Kreme Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Krispy Kreme Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Krispy Kreme Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

5 Key Terms Of Dramatism Example

5 Key Terms Of Dramatism Example 5 Key Terms Of Dramatism – Coursework Example Reflection Discussion: 5 Key Terms of Dramatist In investigating the semantic dimensions of language, the five primal terms of dramatists are the best tools to use. However, from the real life experiences, there exist ambiguities in analyzing a situation using these terms. There exists a great variance in the analysis of different situations and thus the ambiguity. Besides, the interrelationships among these terms are eminent as it is revealed by encounters in the real world.When the five terms of dramatist are used to analyze a situation, the interrelationship between these terms is apparent. It is because some terms have to work together in forming a common ground or substance for a given situation (Burke XIX). For instance, dancing in a church can be considered inappropriate, whereas dancing in a wedding is granted. In this context, the scene, and the act have a strong relationship. The interrelationship is used as the ground for justifying the appropriateness of an act, given the prevailing scene.The terms also bring forth ambiguity when used in the analysis of situations. In fact, the social and political trends surrounding a given situation act as the sources of ambiguity (Burke XVII). For instance, one can consider voting as an act and the voters as the agents during an election. From a differing point of view, the votes and voters can all be seen as the agents of a politician or even part of the scene through which he or she gets into office. Also, war brings out the point of ambiguity clearly in the sense that; during a military officer regards war as scene because it inspires the nature of his training, another person views war as an agency because it is a means through which an end, victory, is achieved. Without doubt, different situations deserve different analysis when using the five key terms of the dramatist.Work CitedBurke, Kenneth. A Grammar of Motives. Berkeley, CA: Univ. of California Press, 2000. Print.

Absolute And Relative Ethics Commerce Essay

Absolute And Relative Ethics Commerce Essay There are many approaches to ethics. I will briefly outline two types of theoretical approach to ethics and their implications: principle-based approaches, and character and relationship-based approaches. Principle-based approaches to ethics: It is important to understand this concept. This approach has often been based on two different ethical traditions – Kantianism and utilitarianism. Immanual Kant, was a German philosopher (1724-1804) in the eighteenth-century. He developed a theory of ethics. This approach to ethics is known as ‘deontological’ or duty-based. It plays a vital role in moral philosophy and also in professional ethics. ‘Persons’ are considered to have rational and self-determination – it means they are capable of making choices and acting upon them. For deontological ethics, the important thing isn’t the result or consequence of the action, but the action itself. If the action is wrong, in and of itself, then donâ€⠄¢t do it. This approach mainly has its focus on respect of the service user and also that he can make his own decisions. The main principles in this approach are to maintain confidentiality, obtain informed consent, no discrimination or offering misleading or false information. For Kant, it would be morally wrong to perform any action which is based on false information even though the end result is beneficial. According to this approach, we must all respect individual’s choices. Utilitarianism, on the contrary, is a teleological theory. It is particularly associated with two British philosophers, Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) (Mill 1863/1972). Also known as the consequentialist theory of ethics. The main difference lies in the concept and it is in striking contrast as compared to the Kantian ethics. The moral worth (rightness or wrongness) of an action is said to lie in its consequences; hence if we have to decide if an action is right or wrong , we have to weigh pros and cons and also anticipate. According to this concept, if lying leads to good results, it would probably be good to lie. This theory relies on the fact that whether something is right or wrong depends on the result or end of that action. Theories that are interested in ends are called teleological. The name has originated from the Greek word for ‘end’ – telos. For a teleological ethical thinker, the end justifies the means. The believers of this theory argue that the rightness of an action is judged by the end it produces. In my opinion, people consider both types of ethical principles in making decisions. We have to make a judgment that ensures that we are looking at individual’s best interest or the welfare of the society at a bigger scale. Absolute and relative ethics Absolute ethics holds that there is one universal moral code which is final and applies equally to all men of all ages, and that changing situations or changing v iews make no difference whatsoever to this absolute moral code. Relative or relativistic ethics holds that the moral standard varies with different circumstances. There are so many cultural and religious differences and in some circumsatnces, it may be ethically correct to do certain things but in other situations it might be completely immoral. For example it is right for Muslim people to have four wives but for a Christian man this would be considered immoral.

A Treatise of Human Nature by David Hume Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

A Treatise of Human Nature by David Hume - Essay Example The researcher states that David Hume is an Empiricist. He is a believer in sense experience as a primary source of knowledge. He believes in observable phenomena, that greatly influences his view of the self. He believes all the elements that make up the self can be observed. The most vital premise he advances to support his ‘no-self’ conclusion is that there is too much turbulence in one's life for one to remain untouched. This is a well-thought position. Imagine that constantly in life, one has to tackle varying circumstances using equally varying means. It’s impossible that there is a part that remains impervious to all this change. Small elements of our make –up may remain the same but the general picture is altered from time to time and with different situations. Also, central in Hume’s study of the self is his assertion that the self is â€Å"is a bundle or an assemblance of different perceptions† not a substance. Perceptions are† ideas or impressions† about oneself. This is to say that every person has a character that is unique to them. It also to states that this â€Å"ideas and impressions† are recognizable even by ourselves. By and large, we all agree to some extent with Hume’s position. The ideas that build up to his conclusion are well thought out and go a long way to re-affirming him as foremost on personal identity.

Introduction to social media in the classroom Research Proposal

Introduction to social media in the classroom - Research Proposal Example The intended audience for this study will be teachers, students and administrators of institutions who are keen to reduce the negative effect that social media has in classroom learning and gain from the benefits that it promises to bring. This study is important in the sense that it provides insights to how social media has been used by students in classroom settings; this will inform this research on how to carry out this (Dabbagh & Kitsantas, 2012). Literature will also provide insights on how scholars designed their research in order to answer their research questions; this will be relevant in this study since the research design used by previous scholars may be applicable to this study, therefore saving on time. The literature reviewed will also be used as a comparison tool for this study to ascertain the precision of the result. An experimental design will be used where the respondents will be divided into two groups, the experiment group will be allowed to access social sites for a week where statistics on their usage will be carried out, and the other group will not be allowed to use social networks for a week, after the experimentation period, questionnaires were given to the students. The study population is defined as all the elements involved in a study that satisfy the sample selection criteria to be included in the study, in our case, the population consists of all the students and the teaching staff of selected institutions. A sample size of 60 students was selected from schools where the experimental group would consist of 40 students and the remaining 20 would belong to the control group. The students who were selected to participate in the study were required to have been in the institution for at least one academic year and must be active users of at least two social media sites. A questionnaire and an in-depth interview were identified as the most

Hemingways Hills Like White El :: essays research papers

“Hills Like White Elephants,'; by Ernest Hemingway   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Ernest Hemingway’s “Hills Like White Elephants,'; the two main characters, Jig and the unnamed American man, are at a train station in Spain trying to decide whether or not they (actually just Jig) should go through with an abortion. The first time I read the story it wasn’t very clear to me what type of an operation it was that they were talking about. Hemingway doesn’t really spell it out for the reader. After reading the questions at the end of the text and reading over the story again I realized that the operation they were talking about was in fact an abortion. Although Hemingway provides very little information about the character’s situation or their pasts, the use of symbolism in the character’s dialogue throughout the story makes it a whole lot easier to understand.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The only thing I really noticed the first time I read the story was the tension between the two main characters throughout the story. In the first dialogue, there seems to be some tension between Jig and the American man. They speak to each other in short sentences and Jig starts getting sarcastic with her male companion (Hemingway doesn’t state whether they are married) when he says that he’s never seen white elephants. At first impression, seems like the lady is the antagonist. For most of the beginning of the story all they talk about is drinks. At one point Jig says “That’s all we do, isn’t it—look at things and try new drinks?';(445) These people must have a pretty meaningless relationship if that’s all they do. Even after they’re done talking about having the operation on page 446, they go back to more drinking.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The whole dialogue about the operation made me question the American man’s love for Jig. Was he sincere? At first he’s convincing her that the operation is simple and how “it'; is the only thing that has made them unhappy. One can tell that Jig doesn’t really want to go through with the operation by the way she talks. She asks him, “And if I do it you’ll be happy and things will be like they used to be and you’ll love me?'; It sounds like she really doesn’t think that he’ll love her if she does have the kid. It also sounds like he isn’t really concerned about her safety either.

Quality Management Worldwide Total Quality Management Essay

For more than four decades after independence the companies in India enjoyed a protected market with virtually no competition, and some of them even monopolised the market, with customers having little or no choice. As a result complacency set in, and no pressure existed for improvement or change. However, the policy of globalization and liberalization adopted by the Indian Government five years ago, has hrown open new avenues and challenges to companies in India. The new policy has resulted in open doors through which global corporate players have entered the Indian markets, and are threatening the domestic manufacturers and suppliers, using quality as a weapon. This has compelled the managers of local companies to look for those tools and techniques, proven and tested, which would help them to maintain and improve their strategies and positions in the market. One such policy or philosophy that has captured the attention of industry and the business community is TQM. Particularly, in the recent years TQM is even regarded as bsolutely essential for growth, stability, and prosperity. This paper has the main intention of presenting an overview of TQM’s progress in the country, starting from its initiation to its current status. Besides, the paper also describes how the organizational attempts by various agencies enabled the establishment of a TQM culture. Further, these attempts are presented in a chronological order, to appreciate the role played by various agencies, which resulted in growth and propagation of TQM in India. Towards the end, the gaps that still exist and hence the efforts that eed to be channeled are pointed out, so as to result in appropriate guidelines about the work to be done. The author R. Jagadeesh is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, S. J. College of Engineering, Mysore, India. Keywords TQM, India, Quality Abstract Total quality management (TQM) has spread its wings in every sphere of the global corporate world and Indian companies are no exception. In this paper, first the growth and spread ofTQM in India is traced from its initiation to current status. Further, the paper has tried to identify the causes for poor quality of products and ervice, and the gaps that exist between the expectations and the outcome after adopting the TQM practices. Later a critical view of the quality scene in India is presented, and finally, based on these observations suitable guidelines and recommendations are made to bridge this gap. It is concluded that there is still a long way to go for Indian companies to receive the stamp of acceptance for their products at international level. Electronic access The current issue and full text archive of this Journal is available at http://www. emerald-library. com are synonymous with high quality products and trust worthiness. However, the post- independent era did not witness any spectacular improvement regarding the quality of goods and services produced in the country. According to Agrawal (1993) due to protected business environment many positive attributes of the Indian industry have been lost and weaknesses have surfaced. These weaknesses based on the study are: lack of trust and credibility in the working system, lack of clarity/seriousness for achieving target, lack of precise observance of rules and norms, low quality of supplies and components, lack of consciousness of time as money, viewing only short term benefits ahead of long term oals, politicalization of labor unions, lack of accountability for actions, lack of management commitment, lack of national quality policy, inadequate economic resources, lack of indigenous technology, inadequate infrastructure, preferring quantity to quality, lack of team spirit, cartel formation, and sellers’ market. Besides, lack of consumerism, Government control on everything, bureaucratic delays, quick profit making attitudes by the companies, all resulted in quality getting a low priority and consequently Indian products were constrained to serve only the domestic market being not able to compete in the international markets. Further, the factors mentioned before, clearly proved to be obstacles in the path to progress, and India in spite of possessing good resources and rich scientific and technical manpower, could not produce world-class products acceptable in the international markets. The TQM movement in India The TQM initiatives were first set by the Confederation of Indian Industries (Cll) in the early 1980s, in its pioneering effort in promoting awareness about quality among Indian industries. The work done by Cll in this direction is well documented in Deccan Herald Advertising Feature (1993) and also in The Standards Engineer (1996). In 1982, quality circles took birth in India, and some of the companies to launch quality circles first were Bharat Electronics Limited, Bangalore, and Bharat Heavvy Electricals Limited, Trichy. In 1986 the Cll then known as CEI (Confederation of Engineering Industries), invited Professor Ishikawa to India, to address industry people about quality. Later in 1987, a TQM division was set up by the Cll. This division owes its foundation to 21 companies who agreed to support the cause by pooling resources and pledging to start the Journey to TQM. Chief executives of these companies formed the National Committee on Quality, 22 Total quality management in India ? ± perspective and analysis R. Jagadeesh The TQM Magazine Volume 1 1 . Number 5. 1999 . 321? ±327 newsletter on quality. In 1987 and 1988, the Cll invited the Juran Institute to India to conduct three training workshops, and then in 1989 a team from India attended the Deming Seminar in London. Study teams organized by the Cll were taken to Japan and the USA to study quality practices. During 1990, the Cll consolidated and focused on training, and in February 1991, an Indian company with the assistance of the Cll, obtained the first ISO 9000 certification in India. The Cll organized the launch of the National Quality Campaign led by the Prime Minister of India in May 1992. It is around this time, the process of globalization and liberalization was started in the country, bringing a new dimension to the business and industrial sectors. From then on, a new line of thinking in terms of quality, productivity, and competitiveness has begun. Since 1993, the Cll has been organizing The Quality Summit every year. This provides an opportunity for all business leaders, and higher level managers of member and non-member organizations of the Cll to network, learn, and contribute hrough experience sharing, and listening to the experts who gather there. The National Productivity Council (NPC) has set up a TQM and Benchmarking Division in New Delhi, and offers TQM implementation services, which include modular training programs and consultancy services. In 1996, the Government of India announced the setting up of the Quality Council of India, (QCI) with the Industry Ministry bringing in half the seed capital of Rs. 1. 5 crores. The rest of the seed capital will be contributed by the corporate sector. The setting up of a national agency for quality certification is art of the World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements, under which member countries will not trade in non-certified products two years down the line. The corporate sector too was demanding the setting up of an internationally recognized quality council as it found the certification process from foreign agencies too expensive. Besides, it would save vital foreign exchange for the country. The QCI will be entrusted with monitoring and administering of the National Quality Campaign and will also oversee the effective functioning of the National Information and Enquiry Services. Post-liberalization scene ? ± improvement in quality The economic reforms that started in 1992 have ushered in a new era of progress and prosperity in the country. According to a report published in YoJana (1997), the real gross domestic product (GDP) recorded a growth rate of 6. 8 per cent in agriculture and allied sectors, 7. 0 per cent in industry, and 7. 4 per cent in services. The Eighth Five Year Plan (EFYP) (1992-97) which ended with an average growth rate of 6. 5 per cent per annum, compares well with the target rate of 5. 6 per cent for the EFYP, and actual achievement of 6. 0 per cent in the Seventh Five Year Plan. In fact his is the highest average growth rate achieved in the planning period since 1951. The sectoral average growth rates for the period 1992-97 are: Agriculture and allied sectors ? ± 4. 0 per cent, Industry ? ± 7. 8 per cent and, Services ? ± 9. 2 per cent. Further, exports during 1996-97 registered a growth rate of 4. 1 per cent. Foreign direct inve stment amounted to US $2,696 million during 1996-97. These facts clearly indicate that the economic reforms brought through globalization and liberalization have yielded rich dividends, and hold a lot of promise for the coming years. While all ndividually to improve their product quality, besides overall performance through TQM practices. For example, Gupta and Sagar (1993) describe a case of total quality control in an engineering company through the extensive use of personal computers, and state that the Indian company was able to overcome many quality related problems which included: high rejection levels, slow inspection rates, frequent errors in measurement, inconsistency in interpreting inspection data, time consuming data storage and retrieval, rigid inspection schedules, not responding to changing environment, and quality plans not adjusted to varying batch sizes. The company improved the problem solving capacity through quality circles, and quality database at each stage. Comprehensive information systems enabled the personnel to obtain better guidance leading to improved decision making. Thus the success is attributed to systematic application of TQM. 323 The TQM Magazine volume 11 . Number 5 . 1999 . 321? ±327 Business Today (1995) in an exclusive coverage on status of quality of India, presents a detailed report on companies which are market leaders and corporate giants. The cases covered include reports on leading Indian companies like Mukand, BPL, Arvind, IFB, ABB, HDFC, Amex, Hidustan Lever, Ranbaxy, Indal, Gujarat AmbuJa, Wsya Bank, Oberoi Hotels, and Thermax. It is emphasized that these companies carved a niche for themselves by focusing on quality in their planning, operations, and marketing strategies. Awareness of quality ? ± a positive change Pati and Reis (1996) state that India is emerging as a leading economy in the new world economic order. The phenomenal increase in India’s export earnings, which rose to IJS$ 26. 2 billion in the 1994-95 fiscal year showed an increase of 18. 27 per cent over its 1993-94 export earnings of IJS$22. 7 billion. This is said to be an indicator of how its products and services are perceived by its global customers. It is further stated that the thrust has been shifted from import substitution to development of an export-oriented economy. Other pertinent observations made are: . Indian businesses are pursuing paths of superior quality and high productivity; . quality conscious consumeris m; . increasing competition; . industries expanding their domestic share and venturing into global markets; . significant rise in the ISO 9000 certified companies. The survey conducted by Pati and Reis (1996) has further revealed many interesting aspects bout quality practices in India. The survey questionnaire has used a five-point Likert interval to capture the strength of perception, where points 1 (very high), 2 (high), 3 (medium), 4 (low), and 5 (very low) indicate the degree of current practice related to quality. The critical success factors contributing to quality and overall average scores (3. 43); . role of quality department/personnel (3. 14); . training (3. 69); . product/service design (2. 91); . supplier quality management (2. 6); process management and operating procedures (2. 74); quality data reporting (2. 72); employee relations (2. 2). It is concluded from the survey that the manufacturing sector in India is well aware of importance of quality, and efforts have been channeled to improve product quality. However, the service sector mostly Government owned and operated, lags behind the manufacturing sector in all aspects that i mply quality. TQM ? ± success stories of Indian companies Many Indian companies are beginning to realize that ‘ ‘customer focus† is an absolute requirement of TQM. Jain (1996), while writing on TQM in India, states that companies are paying closer attention to consumer feedback in order to tailor roducts to meet customer needs and are using a wide variety of methods that include benchmarking with rival products, regular customer meetings, and even engaging market research companies to collect consumer feedback on their product range and after sales service. Two specific cases are worth mentioning. Escorts Limited, an automobile manufacturing company, based on the feedback from customers and dealers, changed the delivery route to ensure safe and quick delivery. Similarly, J. K. Synthetics, based on feed back from customer meetings, focused on standardization of quality parameters, and started after-sales service. This resulted in the sales rise from 220 tonnes in first quarter of 1995 to 632 tonnes in the last quarter of the same year, an impressive growth in the sales by three times the previous value. According to a report published in Business Today (1998), some Indian companies are being guided by Yoshikazu Tsuda, a counselor at JUSE (Union of Japanese Scientists and Engineers) in their quest for total quality. Some of these companies are Sona Steering, Jai Bharat Maruti, GKN Invel, Asahi Float Glass, Brakes India, Lucas TVS, India Pistons, and India Piston Rings. Further, as stated in The Economic Times (1998), sixsigma technique, which is considered to be a classic TQM technique, is being practiced by several Indian companies notable among 324 significant achievement by an Indian company due to its practicing TQM principles is reported by Sridharan (1998a). The Indian company Sundaram Fasteners located near Chennai, India, has received the Best of Best Vendors Award consecutively for two years during 1996 and 1997, for its supply of metal radiator caps to General Motors, USA. The award was given to the company for its consistent zero defects rate, 100 percent reliability in delivery schedules, and lowest price. The company is the only supplier to General Motors, USA from India out of its 3,000 supplier companies scattered all over the globe. In an exclusive interview covered by Premchander (1996), the managing director of Asea Brown Boveri Ltd (a partly owned subsidiary of Asea Brown Boveri Limited, Zurich) one of the very successfully operating multi-national companies in India, has stated that the managers have to spend time and resources on TQM. A historical achievement by an Indian company winning the coveted Deming Prize for Overseas Companies, for successful implementation of TQM, is reported by Sridharan (1998b). The Indian company Sundaram Clayton, has successfully turned its people into quality practitioners by the actual deployment of TQM tools, techniques, and systems. 38 ? ± time to market; 22 ? ± corporate credibility. Indian quality scene ? ± a critical view The developments related to Indian companies, concerning quality of products and services, need to be examined on a comparative global scale. This would enable judgement of the progress made in improving quality. A survey made in 1994 in which products and services from 41 countries were ranked by World Competitiveness Report indicates that the quality of Indian products and services is isappointing. According to the summary of results given in Skaria (1995), India’s rank based on different quality parameters is as follows (the rank out of 41 is given followed by the parameter): . 39? ± price to quality; . 38 ? ± practice ofTQM; . 40? ± customer orientation; . 28 ? ± product liability; . 39 ? ± time to innovate; The report clearly suggested that on a global scale, Indian products and services are far from satisfactory, and have a poor image. This is a major cause of worry for the corporate managers particularly for those looking for new markets, and ventures with oreign collaborators. One commonly quoted reason for getting away with low quality in India, is lack of pressure from consumers. Many managers are of the opinion that unless the customers are aware of their right to demand high quality, and insist on companies to invest in quality, they continue to receive poor quality products. While the growth and spread of quality practices are slow in India, TQM has firmly seated itself in other Asiatic countries. In a cover feature on ‘Quality in Asia’ reported in World Executive Digest (1996), it is stated that as Asia grapples with the challenge of lobalization, more and more companies seek ISO 9000 certification and adopt TQM. Companies in Hong Kong, Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore, and China are overtly involved in embracing practices of total quality to march ahead in global markets. According to The Economic Intelligence Unit (1996), which surveyed companies in Hong Kong on issues in the region. The growth of TQM across Asia however means that new approaches are being developed in the region. These observations clearly suggest that India has to carefully watch the developments in the Asiatic region, as TQM principles have been successfully applied by several countries improving their utput quality, attracting more foreign investment, and hence capable of restricting India’s share in the global market. What the quality experts say In spite of the hype created by the ISO 9000 bandwagon, which today has more than 1,500 companies certified as such, quality is yet to emerge as a major strength of Indian products. Managers of Indian companies have still a lot to learn and implement in the image building process based on quality. This is perhaps aptly summarized by a statement made by Philip Crosby as reported in The Times of India (1997). While addressing a 325 ews conference at the end of his weeklong visit to India, Crosby has said that complacency is a major problem with the Indian management system. The managers of Indian industries should take this seriously. In an interview published in Business India (1997-98) James Harrington, a leading authority in the field of quality, has stated that India still has four types of companies: those with poor performance, with good performance, with better performance, and with outstanding performance. Harrington remarks that companies with poor performance went bankrupt in other parts of the world, while those with good performance would follow them. But those with better performance will survive and those with outstanding performance would explode into the twentyflrst century. This indicates that India still has scope for bad products, and bad performance, which need to be immediately curbed. It is pointed out by Sukumar (1998) that TQM continues to baffle corporate India, as evident by the different interpretations made by each person in the industry about what is TQM. It was observed during the Sixth Quality Summit organized by the Cll in New Delhi, that TQM means anything and everything depending on the individual’s perspective, politics, and paradigms. During the summit as many as nine different definitions were presented by the speakers about what constitutes TQM. This means people in the corporate sector have no consensus about the concept of TQM and it could be a deterrent in its implementation. In another survey conducted by Arun et al. (1998) with regard to ISO certified companies interesting observations were made about implementing TQM in a company. Out of 17 companies that were surveyed, managers in seven companies said that though they believe in TQM they do not know how to implement it. The survey further revealed that the long term supplier elationship, an essential ingredient for successful implementation of TQM, has not the implementation of TQM were found to be: continued dependence on traditional incentive schemes, numerical targets, performance rating, slogans for improving productivity, and not identifying and providing the right type of training for each and everyone as demanded for every Job. The survey concludes that if all these factors are not mitigated a company may continue as ISO certified but not be recognized as a TQM company. Comments and conclusion The various surveys independently conducted by researchers and business ublications have revealed that awareness on quality of products and services has picked up in India. With quality based competition intensifying, Indian industries and business people are showing keen interest in improving the quality of products through TQM. A number of organizations, private and Government are actively propagating TQM through a variety of training and educational programs. TQM has proved to be a vital ingredient for success, and now has its permanent roots in the mission and vision† of the Indian corporate sector. However, based on common observations the requirements for quality to succeed in India can be summarized as ollows: . a strong consumer movement; . a sincere and committed drive by the corporate sector to keep quality as the main focus; . trict enforcement of standards by the regulatory bodies and authorities; . avoidance of multiple grading of quality in products, like export quality, first grade, seconds, import rejects, etc. ; . setting an example in adhering to high quality performance and output, before pointing to others. While TQM no doubt has enabled the Indian companies to improve the quality of products and services, the international market demands still higher uality levels to give due recogn ition and acceptance.